针对高考英语书面表达中常见错误进行了深入的分析和研究,期间做了大量案例调查,包括对所教学生日常作文的抽样调查,月考期中期末试卷里书面表达的抽样调查,然后进行了逐一分析。经研究归纳出的常见问题:
1.句子成分残缺不全
We always working till late at night before taking exams.(误)
We are always working /We always work till late at night before taking exams(正)
We should read books may be useful to us. (误)
We should read books which may be useful to us. (正)
2.句子成分多余
This test is end, but there is another test is waiting for you. (误)
One test ends, but another is waiting for you. (正)
The driver of the red car was died on the spot. (误)
The driver of the red car died on the spot. (正)
3.主谓不一致
Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. (误)
Some think that reading should be selective. (正)
My sister go to the cinema at least once a week. (误)
My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week. (正)
4.动词时态、语态的误用
I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. (误)
I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. (正)
We have little time to read some books which we interest. (误)
We have little time to read some books in which we are interested. (正)
I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. (误)
I have been studying in the college for two years(正)
5.词类混淆
It is my point that reading must be selectively. (误)
In my opinion, reading must be selective. (正)
Honest is so important for every person. (误)
Honesty is so important for everyone. (正)
The old man was hit by a car when he across the street. (误)
The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. (正)
6.名词可数与不可数的误用
Too much tests are disadvantage for students’study. (误)
Too many tests are disadvantageous to students. (正)
In modern society, people are under various pressures(误)
In modern society, people are under various kinds of pressure. (正)
7.动词及物与不及物的误用
The traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways. (误)
The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways. (正)
Because of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary. (误)
Because of his excellent performance, the boss raised his salary. (正)
8.介词to和不定式符号的混淆
Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking. (误)
Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking. (正)
All these contributed to solve the serious problem. (误)
All these contributed to the solution to the serious problem. (正)
9.情态动词的误用
It may not good to our health. (误)
It may be not good to our health. (正)
They should spent much time. (误)
They should spend much time. (正)
10. There be句型的误用
There exists some new problems such as being dishonest. (误)
There exist/arise some new problems such as being dishonest. (正)
There are many way to solve the tuition and fees of college education. (误)
There are many ways to raise the money for the tuition and fees for college education. (正)
11.动宾搭配不当
We must pay attention to it and make solutions to the problem. (误)
We must pay attention and find a solution to the problem. (正)
It also may help you to make success. (误)
It may also help you succeed/obtain your goal. (正)
12.根据中文逐字硬译
If someone’s family situation is not well, he can apply for loan to bank. (误)
If one’s family is not well off, he can apply to the bank for a loan. (正)
Let alone touch the outside world of campus/keep a good body health(误)
Let alone get in touch with the world outside of the campus/keep fit(正)
对于以上常见问题的解决方法:
一.在教学过程中,应该对学生树立思维转换的思想。语言是文化的载体,任何一种语言都体现了它所在区域或国家人的思维模式。可以说,要学好一门外语,必须先了解这个国家的语言文化及其人的思维模式。书面表达是英语学习中“写”的集中体现,是构造句子的平台,是英语句型结构的运用最严谨的地方,这个与汉语有本质的差别。主要体现在:汉语体现了东方人的“压轴”思想,体现了中国人含蓄内敛的文化,所以汉语的结构注定是将重要的部分放在了句子的最后,将带有修饰的定语,表现行为状态的状语等非主干成分至于句子的前面。而英语是西方文化的载体,它体现了西方人开放,直接的思想和文化,所以英语将最重要的信息放在句子的前面表达,而将无关紧要的次要信息至于后面。例如我们用两种语言表达同一个意思的句子如下:
我们生活在一个信息工业高速发达的时代
译:We are living at an age when information industry are in rapid development.
所以,使学生在翻译句子时候,运用英语的思维会更有利于句子结构的顺利构造。
二.在教学过程中,改变学生对语法的认识。
传统教学中,使得众多学生对语法持有厌恶和恐惧的认识,很多学生认为语法是用来刁难他们的,甚至有人想要是没有语法,英语一定可以学好。这是一种严重的错误认识,导致学生不重视语法的培养,作为教师我们要帮助学生纠正这一错误认识。语法,也就是语言的规则,法即道,法即理,所谓无规矩不成方圆,英语是一连串字母语言,如果没有语法,那么每个人的表达都不同,必然导致无法交流,也会造成严重的误解。语法的存在是为了帮助我们正确的构造一个句子,而不是刁难我们,对学生树立这一认识至关重要,只有正确的语法才能帮助学生提高书面表达能力。
三.在教学过程中,加强动词(谓语动词和非谓语动词)的教学,使学生明确动词的地位。
可以这么说,动词是英语词汇里最难,也是涉及最多的一类词,几乎所有的语法都围绕着动词而存在,比如时态,主谓一致,语态,虚拟语气,情态,独立主格以及非谓语动词的各类形式。为了研究的全面性,我们做了一项试验,就是统计了短文改错里的错误,结果发现至少有四到五处错误与动词有关,而这些错误在书面表达中也就是学生高频率出现的问题。同时要让学生意识到动词的错误相比较其他错误,那是致命的,因为动词往往是一个行为,也就是句子的灵魂。
四.加大听力和口语的训练。
这一点至关重要,英语是听说读写的综合性语言。写作是较高的能力要求,那就必须要求扎实的基础,听说的练习可以培养学生最基本的语感。在听的过程中,注意不要听过于复杂的内容,日常对话最为关键,因为这可以培养学生的句子结构的构造能力,这也是潜意识语言培养的最重要的环节,一旦形成,不容易忘记。
五.分组作文互批法。
批改英语作文不应该仅仅是英语老师的任务,适当开展学生自主互相批改作文,能高效的让学生自己去发现错误,让学生在发现错误中,亲身解决问题。这一点不是为了减少老师的工作量,而是更有效的帮助学生发现自身问题。可以将学生分为若干小组,选一名英语成绩较好的学生为组长,帮助大家一起来完成批改,最后做出组内统计,然后在课堂上进行汇报,最后老师做出归纳。
六.句型及词汇的记忆
很多老师让学生去背诵成篇的范文,而事实上由于高中学生的学习压力大,时间紧,做到大量的背诵是不切实际的,我们不可能把所有课堂都变成英语课。所以,我们建议:第一、老师归纳出常见的基本句型让学生去记忆。让学生以造句的方式去实际体会,把写作放在平时的日常练习中。第二、单词的考查。可以这么说,只要是学习英语,单词的记忆是永恒的,没有了这一点,一切都是空谈,我们无法只用声音完成交流,更别说写作了。同样,我们要让学生把单词放在句子中去记忆。
七.翻译练习
对于书面表达最终的处理,本质上就是对需写内容的翻译。所以平时做好句子的翻译是至关重要的。这里主要是讲如何去更容易翻译一个汉语句子。
首先,我们要让学生明白翻译的基本原则是信,然后是达,雅是最高境界。很多时候我们只要做到信与达就足够了。信,就是要翻译出原文的意思,而不能篡改原句的意思,这也是最基本的要求,否则谈何翻译?达,就是通达,句子要通顺,这里指的是语法机构的工整。
其次,要让学生学会去平衡两种语言。我们永远不可能让英语达到汉语的水平,因为那是我们的母语,是一种本能。而我们面对的汉语句子,尤其书面表达中的提示,都是高度概括的汉语。那怎么办呢?我们只有将这些汉语简化到最适合我们翻译的程度。翻译是翻译句子的意思,而不是逐个字。